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Articles by Henley and Partners
Tax-Advantaged Residence, Lump-sum Taxation and the use of Pre-immigration trusts in Switzerland Few would deny the benefits of living in Switzerland. The affluent can arrange their affairs to achieve fiscal advantages by taking advantage of recent changes in Swiss law and by setting up a pre-immigration trust. This article looks at this and other practical aspects of immigration to Switzerland. Switzerland's political and economic stability, combined with excellent communications and transport links, efficient public services, low tax rates and many more advantages make it the ultimate choice for business and residence. Intersting tax planning opportunities are offered by recent changes in Swiss immigration law in conjunction with the unique preferential lump-sum taxation regime available to foreigners who are not gainfully occupied in Switzerland. This makes Switzerland even more attractive as a place of residence for wealthy EU citizens. Due to the absence of clear rules regarding the legal recognition and taxation of trusts, the use of trusts in the context of pre-immigration tax and estate planning offers interesting possibilities but depends considerably on whether a favourable tax ruling can be obtained from the cantonal tax authorities where the client wishes to reside. Neverthelessm also in this regard Switzerland offers interesting planning oppotunities and considerable flexibility for wealthy individuals and families who wish to make Switzerland their home. Lump-Sum Taxation and Residence in Switzerland Foreigners who fulfil certain requirements can avail themselves of a special tax arrangement whereby Swiss taxes are levied on the basis of expenditure and standard of living in Switzerland rather than on the usual worldwide income and assets. This fiscal arrangement is called lump-sum taxation (forfait fiscal in French, Pauschal-besteuerung in German). Previously only known in certain cantons, this is now available throughout the country thanks to the introduction of a Federal tax harmonisation law in 1990. Swiss tax law requires that a foreigner wishing to benefit from this special tax regime (lump-sum taxation) must not have been resident in Switzerland during the last ten years. Moreover, he or she may not carry out a gainful occupation. Indeed, the lump-sum taxation provisions are specifically aimed at financially independent persons who are not seeking employment in Switzerland. The tax regulations specify no age requirements or similar restrictions. However, all foreigners who wish to become resident in Switzerland must of course obtain a residence permit under one of the categories provided for by Swiss immigration law, specifically the Federal Ordinance on the Limitation of the Number of Aliens. The third chapter of this Ordinance outlines the conditions under which permits may be issued to foreigners who do not intend to carry on a gainful occupation in Switzerland (students, persons visiting Switzerland for health treatment, retired persons, etc.). In general, retired persons may obtain a residence permit only if they are over 55 years of age, can demonstrate close ties to Switzerland, will not be engaging in a gainful occupation and can show that they have sufficient financial means. The key condition here is the minimum age of 55 years, which appears to exclude the possibility of a lump sum arrangement for younger persons, unless they qualified under the special provisions of Article 36 of the Ordinance. However, this is applied very rarely, for instance in the case of celebrities or where it is in the national interest to grant a residence permit to a particular person. Despite these restrictive regulations, foreigners who do not meet the age requirement under the retired persons category may still obtain a residence permit and benefit from the lump-sum taxation arrangements in some cantons. Provided they agree to pay a certain minimum in annual taxes, which is generally higher than for persons over 55 years of age and which again varies from canton to canton, they may obtain a permit by establishing a company in that canton and basically receiving a residence permit under the annual cantonal residence permit quota. The cantonal tax authorities will then still qualify them as not pursuing a gainful occupation and thus agree to apply the lump-sum tax regime. While this is possible in some cantons, others such as the canton of Zurich generally do not allow financially independent persons under 55 years of age to obtain a residence permit while at the same time benefiting from a lump-sum tax arrangement. The changes in Swiss immigration law and regulations resulting from the Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons between Switzerland and the European Union will remove the restrictions imposed by Swiss immigration law on residence permits for financially independent E.U. citizens. As the lump-sum taxation regime remains unaffected by these changes, it will henceforth be possible for all E.U. citizens who can show sufficient financial means to become resident and benefit from lump-sum taxation in all cantons throughout Switzerland. E.U. Citizens can now Easily Benefit from Lump-Sum Taxation The combination of the new immigration rules for financially independent E.U. citizens and the unchanged lump-sum taxation regime, as discussed above, means unrestricted access to Switzerland for E.U. citizens while giving them the option of benefiting from lump-sum tax arrangements anywhere in the country, regardless of the canton in which they wish to settle. Under the lump sum taxation regime, the Swiss tax authorities generally require the assessment of a minimum taxable income that amounts to at least five times the annual rental payments for the apartment or house in which the foreigner will reside in Switzerland. In case of owned real estate, the annual rental value is taken as the basis for this calculation. An important aspect of the lump-sum taxation regime is also that if taxed on this basis, you are not asked to declare your worldwide income or assets, which offers wealthy individuals considerable privacy with regards to their financial affairs. The amount of tax effectively payable, however, must exceed the income tax which would be due on certain expenses in Switzerland. It must also exceed the tax which would be due on Swiss source income as well as income for which a partial or total reduction of foreign taxes is requested by virtue of an international tax treaty. The Modified Lump-Sum Tax In several double taxation agreements concluded by Switzerland, including the treaties with Belgium, France and Germany, it has been agreed to limit treaty benefits to foreign source income which is taxed in Switzerland at the regular tax rates. Because these treaty clauses would normally exclude persons who are taxed under a lump-sum arrangement, a modified lump-sum taxation has been introduced. Under the modified lump-sum taxation regime, the income derived from the respective treaty country will be included in the broader tax base as assessed annually. In order for the tax authorities to determine the correct tax rates at which the foreign source income should be taxed, the total worldwide income would have to be taken into account. However, if the worldwide income is not declared, then the highest tax rates apply on the respective foreign-source income for which treaty relief is sought. Limited or no Gift and Inheritance Taxes Besides offering a unique lump-sum taxation regime which effectively caps the income and net wealth tax for qualifying foreigners, Switzerland is also an attractive place of residence with regard to inheritance and gift taxes. The country has no Federal inheritance or gift taxes. Instead, the cantons levy inheritance and gift taxes in their own competence, which means that there are 26 different inheritance and gift tax regimes. The Canton of Schwyz dispenses entirely with inheritance or gift taxes, and many cantons do not levy inheritance taxes between spouses or between parents and children, or levy only a very modest tax of below 10 percent for descendants. According to the cantonal inheritance and gift tax laws, the relevant cantons are competent to levy these taxes on real estate situated in the canton and on the worldwide estate of deceased persons or donors who had their last domicile in that canton. Where inheritance and gift taxes apply, there is usually a progressive scale depending on the relationship and size of the donated property or estate. The highest tax rates apply to gifts and inheritances between persons who are not related to each other and in such cases tax rates may reach up to about 50 percent in certain cantons. So it is also important to pay attention to the applicable cantonal gift and estate taxes when choosing one's place of residence in Switzerland. Depending on the circumstances, it may also be necessary to take international tax issues into consideration. For example, while in many cantons there will be no tax liability for spouses and close relatives, it may nevertheless be desirable in some cases to pay a very small percentage of gift or inheritance taxes to prevent the home country of the deceased, donor, heirs or recipients from assuming jurisdiction to tax the estate or gift. Moreover, some Swiss inheritance and gift tax treaties provide for some important exceptions to the general rule that Switzerland is competent to levy inheritance and gift taxes on the worldwide estate of deceased persons or donors who had their last domicile in Switzerland. For instance, the treaty with Germany generally grants that country a competing, unrestricted right of taxation if the deceased, having lived at least five out of the last ten years in Germany before giving up his or her German residence, had moved to Switzerland during the last five years prior to his or her death. But foreign domestic tax rules need to be taken into consideration as well. Again, in Germany for instance, heirs or recipients who are resident there are subject to German inheritance taxes regardless of the last domicile of the deceased. Irrespective of such special issues, however, the absence of inheritance and gift taxes, or the very low tax rates, naturally provide interesting possibilities for succession planning. Besides this scope for tax planning, Swiss international private law also allows foreigners who live in Switzerland to choose whether to apply the inheritance law of Switzerland or of their country of origin, a situation that offers further flexibility for estate planning. Trusts in Switzerland and the use of Pre-Immigration Trusts Switzerland being a civil-law country, trusts are practically unknown in Swiss law, which provides for fiduciary agreements and foundations, but not for trust arrangements. As a result, considerable legal uncertainty surrounds foreign trusts with come connection to Switzerland, for instance in the form of a Swiss trustee, trust assets located in Switzerland, Swiss resident beneficiaries or settlors. This uncertainty exists both with respect to the legal recognition and the taxation of trusts. Nevertheless, because Switzerland is one of the most important private banking centres in the world, trusts are well known to Swiss bankers, fiduciaries and lawyers who service international private clients and they have been in use in Switzerland for quite a long time. Even the Swiss tax authorities have become familiar with trusts and several cantons have established principles for the tax rules to be applied to trusts linked to Switzerland. As an increasing number of wealthy foreigners are moving their residence to Switzerland, particular questions have arisen with regard to the treatment of trusts which they had established prior to settling in the country, or trusts established while they are in Switzerland. Essentially, two issues need to be considered. The first relates to the legal recognition of trusts. It has been suggested that Switzerland should ratify the Hague Convention on the law applicable to trusts and their recognition, even through such a step would not fully address the many legal uncertainties existing for trusts with a Swiss connection. Although the Swiss government commissioned a report, which was published early in 2001, on whether or not Switzerland should join the Convention, the Siwss government has shown little interest in proceeding further. In the meantime, lawyers and courts - as well as persons involved in trusts - have to live with the fact that trusts are, in principle, not recognised in Switzerland. The second issue relates to the tax treatment of trusts. The tax authorities in a number of cantons, for example Zurich and Vaud, have developed principles on how they tax trusts and the persons involved in trust arrangements, such as beneficiaries, settlors and trustees. However, these principles are not consistent and considerable differences exist throughout Switzerland with regard to the tax treatment of trusts. Great care must therefore be taken in drafting the trust deed before a trust with a Swiss connection is established, or before a foreign national moves to Switzerland if he or she is in some way connected to a trust, for example as a settlor or beneficiary. In most cases it is also essential to discuss and obtain a tax ruling from the competent tax authorities in the locality where the person concerned intends to reside. Tax rulings are essential with regard to trusts Not only does Swiss law give no legal recognition to trusts, it also fails to stipulate any clear taxation rules for them, so that their tax treatment is uncertain. Trusts are consequently liable to general taxation rules which can lead to inappropriate results, and as these rules differ between cantons, a wide range of different scenarios exist with regard to the taxation of trusts. The creation of a trust may lead to gift and estate taxes, which may in certain situations be levied again later upon distribution. Wealth and income taxes could be levied from the beneficiaries, trustees or settlors, depending on the trust deed and the opinion of the responsible tax authorities. While these uncertainties with regard to the taxation of trusts make it difficult to gain an overview, Switzerland fortunately allows tax scenarios to be submitted to the tax authorities in order to obtain tax rulings. Individuals and families who live outside Switzerland but who intend to establish their residence in Switzerland have a further advantage: the cantonal authorities are usually quite felxible and willing to grant a favourable tax ruling because they are interested in attracting wealthy foreign residents. These aspects, but also the possibility of lump-sum taxation agreements and the high degree of privacy and personal security enjoyed by its inhibitants, already make Switzerland the residence choice of many wealthy retirees and international celebrities. In the future, the liberalisation of the Swiss immigration regulations for EU citizens will make Switzerland an even more attractive place of residence for financially independent persons from all over the European Union who wish to relocate to a milder tax climate. How the Lump-Sum Tax is Calculated The hypothetical taxable income is based, as mentioned above, on the rental payments (or the rental value of the apartment or house) in Switzerland, and it therefore bears no relation to actual worldwide income or assets. Suppose the annual rental value of your apartment in Switzerland is CHF 50,000. The taxable income is then calculated as five times the annual rent, which amounts to CHF 250,000. This amount serves as the hypothetical annual income on which the normal tax rates apply, which of course vary depending on the canton as well as the commune in which you live. On an income of CHF 250,000, you may expect to pay approximately 40 percent in taxes, which amounts to a total annual income tax bill of about CHF 100,000, on top of social security contributions. In addition to this calculation for income tax, five times the annual rental value will be capitalised to calculate the taxable hypothetical net wealth on which the cantonal net wealth tax is applied, which would amount to a total wealth tax bill of about CHF 20,000. These two calculated amounts added together will then yield the lump-sum tax payable to the tax authorities and represent your total tax liability, regardless of your worldwide income and assets. If you rent or own a large property in Switzerland, its rental value will be higher and your total annual tax bill will consequently be higher as well. Just as under ordinary taxation, with a lump-sum taxation arrangement the overall tax rate also depends on the actual place of residence, and there are considerable differences between cantons and even between individual communes. Moreover, other income elements must also be considered when calculating the total tax liability, namely whether assets or sources of income are located in Switzerland or if it is of interest to the taxpayer to claim tax treaty relief under one of the double tax treaties concluded by Switzerland. If the tax on such income exceeds the tax on the lump-sum amount agreed with the tax authorities, then the income tax for the respective year will be levied on the higher amount. Income from all other sources is not relevant and does therefore not have to be disclosed to the Swiss tax authorities. Acquisition of Swiss Real Estate Swiss real estate has been in high demand by foreigners for a long time. As a result, Switzerland has restricted the right of such acquisition for decades. It is even widely believed that foreigners are not permitted to purchase Swiss real estate. In principle, however, all foreigners who wish to acquire Swiss residential real estate must obtain approval prior to their purchase, which will otherwise be invalid. Such approval is difficult to obtain. A foreigner may be authorised to purchase a holiday home in a place designated by the respective cantonal authorities as a holiday resort. But every authorisation must be deducted from the annual quota assigned to the cantons by the Federal government for holiday homes and hotel condominium units. The cantons and communes may also apply their own restrictions, which may be even more stringent. Holiday homes and hotel condominium units may only be acquired by physical persons under their own name, and under no circumstances by a company. These restrictions also mean that tax and estate planning options with regard to Swiss holiday homes owned by foreigners are very limited. However, foreigners who hold a Swiss residence permit can now acquire real estate easily and without restrictions. Since 1997, foreigners holding a Swiss residence permit may purchase a reasonably sized house or apartment for their personal use with no further need to seek prior approval. Even if a foreigner subsequently leaves the country, he or she is not forced to sell again and can therefore keep their property. As financially independent E.U. citizens will easily be able to obtain a Swiss residence permit, they also gain the right to acquire Swiss residential real estate for their own personal use. While these provisions concern only residential real estate, the acquisition and holding of purely commercial real estate by foreigners or foreign entities is no longer restricted in Switzerland. As a result, there is again ample scope for tax planning by foreigners and foreign entities wishing to invest in Swiss commercial real estate. Residence in Switzerland - Key Advantages:
Christian H. Kälin Christian H. Kälin is an international tax and estate-planning specialist and a partner at Henley & Partners, Zurich. He is also a member of the board of the International Financial and Legal Network (IFLN), Zurich. After completing Zurich Business School and his training at a Swiss private bank, he lived and studied many years in France, the USA, New Zealand and Switzerland. A holder of a cum laude law degree from the University of Zurich, he is a frequent writer and speaker on international tax-planning issues, in particular on cross-border business relocation and private residence planning. He also specialises in the structure of international real estate.
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